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白荼日记 - 爬虫
https://blog.iletter.top/index.php/tag/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/
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河北住建厅公告提取油猴脚本
https://blog.iletter.top/index.php/archives/361.html
2025-06-28T17:21:27+08:00
// ==UserScript==
// @name 河北住建厅公告提取
// @version 1.0
// @description 点击按钮提取河北住建厅信息，根据页面 URL 自动判断逻辑
// @author YourName
// @match https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/*
// @require https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios/dist/axios.min.js
// @grant GM_xmlhttpRequest
// ==/UserScript==
(function () {
'use strict';
// 创建按钮
const button = document.createElement('button');
button.innerText = '提取公告';
button.style.position = 'fixed';
button.style.top = '10px';
button.style.right = '10px';
button.style.zIndex = '99999';
button.style.padding = '8px 12px';
button.style.backgroundColor = '#007bff';
button.style.color = 'white';
button.style.border = 'none';
button.style.borderRadius = '4px';
button.style.cursor = 'pointer';
button.style.fontSize = '14px';
button.style.boxShadow = '0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.2)';
document.body.appendChild(button);
// 函数：提取河北住建厅公告数据
function extractHBZJTData_GongGaoGongShi(types) {
console.log("页面标题:", document.title);
const result = [];
const contentDiv = document.querySelector('div.pson_listWenhao');
if (!contentDiv) {
console.log("未找到目标 div 元素");
return;
}
contentDiv.querySelectorAll('li').forEach(li => {
const aTag = li.querySelector('a');
const dateSpan = li.querySelector('span.date');
const wenhaoSpan = li.querySelector('span.wenhao');
if (!aTag || !dateSpan) return;
let href = aTag.getAttribute('href');
let title = aTag.textContent.trim();
let wenhao = '';
if (wenhaoSpan) {
wenhao = wenhaoSpan.textContent.trim();
}
let fullUrl = href;
if (href.startsWith('/hbzjt')) {
fullUrl = new URL(href, 'https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn').href;
}
result.push({
title: wenhao ? `[${wenhao}] ${title}` : title,
url: fullUrl,
date: dateSpan.textContent.trim(),
type:types
});
});
// result.forEach(item => {
// console.log(`${item.date}|${item.type} | ${item.title} -> ${item.url}`);
// });
// 发送数据到 API
sendToAPI(result);
}
function sendToAPI(dataArray) {
GM_xmlhttpRequest({
method: 'POST',
url: 'http://192.168.196.81:8081/sys_api/api/buildingspider/batch',
data: JSON.stringify(dataArray),
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
onload: function(response) {
console.log('数据发送成功:', response.responseText);
alert('数据已成功发送到服务器！');
},
onerror: function(error) {
console.error('数据发送失败:', error);
alert('数据发送失败，请检查网络或服务器状态！');
}
});
}
// 函数：提取河北住建厅公告数据
function extractHBZJTData_XinWenZiXun(types) {
console.log("页面标题:", document.title);
const result = [];
const contentDiv = document.querySelector('div.pson_list');
if (!contentDiv) {
console.log("未找到目标 div 元素");
return;
}
contentDiv.querySelectorAll('li').forEach(li => {
const aTag = li.querySelector('a');
const dateSpan = li.querySelector('span.date');
if (!aTag || !dateSpan) return;
let href = aTag.getAttribute('href');
let title = aTag.textContent.trim();
let fullUrl = href;
if (href.startsWith('/hbzjt')) {
fullUrl = new URL(href, 'https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn').href;
}
result.push({
title: title,
url: fullUrl,
date: dateSpan.textContent.trim(),
type:types
});
});
// result.forEach(item => {
// console.log(`${item.date}|${item.type} | ${item.title} -> ${item.url}`);
// });
// 发送数据到 API
sendToAPI(result);
}
// 备用函数（可根据需要自定义）
function fallbackFunction() {
console.log("不爬虫，页面标题:", document.title);
}
// 按钮点击事件
button.addEventListener('click', () => {
const currentUrl = window.location.href;
if ( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/zcwj/gggs/') ){
extractHBZJTData_GongGaoGongShi("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,公告公示");
}else if( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/zcwj/tfwj/') ){
extractHBZJTData_GongGaoGongShi("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,厅发文件");
}else if( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/zcwj/gfxwj/') ){
extractHBZJTData_GongGaoGongShi("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,厅发规范性文件");
}else if( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/xwzx/szyw/') ) {
extractHBZJTData_XinWenZiXun("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,时政要闻")
}else if( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/xwzx/jsyw/') ) {
extractHBZJTData_XinWenZiXun("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,建设要闻")
} else if( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/xwzx/sxdt/') ) {
extractHBZJTData_XinWenZiXun("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,市县动态")
}else if( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/xwzx/mtgz/') ) {
extractHBZJTData_GongGaoGongShi("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,媒体关注")
}else if( currentUrl.includes('https://zfcxjst.hebei.gov.cn/hbzjt/xwzx/zcjd/') ) {
extractHBZJTData_XinWenZiXun("河北省住房和城乡建设厅,政策解读")
} else {
fallbackFunction();
}
});
})();
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科技创新型企业爬虫与提醒导入
https://blog.iletter.top/index.php/archives/360.html
2025-06-25T09:04:00+08:00
1.每日爬取数据后，将爬取的公告通知，同步到数据库2.检索当日的公告信息，查看是否有科技创新企业，如果有则提醒通知（提醒未写，简单完善数据）取的关键词模糊搜索+排除词排除掉无关条目，来查找响应数据检索是否有科技创新企业的公告/通知# 检查当日数据是否有科创企业名录
import re
import time
import pymysql
import requests
from gxt_spider import get_industry
from kjt_spider import get_sci_kjt
from sdszf_spider import get_sci_sdszf
from jinja2 import Template
import json
def connect_to_database():
connection = pymysql.connect(
host='127.0.0.1',
user='root',
password='123456',
database='my_database_test',
charset='utf8mb4',
cursorclass=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor
)
return connection
def query_today_kc_enterprises():
keywords = [
"科技型中小企业",
"高新技术企业",
"众创空间",
"科技领军企业",
"技术先进型服务企业",
"技术创新示范企业",
"专精特新",
"科技企业",
"瞪羚",
"独角兽",
"科技小巨人企业",
'小巨人']
not_contain_keywords = ["取消","组织申报","认定和复核","申报","补助名单","绩效评价"]
sql = build_sql_query(keywords, not_contain_keywords)
connection = connect_to_database()
try:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
cursor.execute(sql)
results = cursor.fetchall()
return {
"total": len(results),
"list": results
}
finally:
connection.close()
def build_sql_query(keywords, not_contain_keywords):
like_conditions = " OR ".join([f"title LIKE '%{keyword}%'" for keyword in keywords])
not_like_conditions = " and ".join([f"title NOT LIKE '%{not_contain_keyword}%'" for not_contain_keyword in not_contain_keywords])
sql = f"""
SELECT
CASE type
WHEN '1' THEN '山东省科学技术厅'
WHEN '2' THEN '山东省工业和技术化厅'
WHEN '3' THEN '山东省人民政府'
ELSE '未知类型'
END AS type_name,date,title,url FROM `sci_spider`
WHERE ({like_conditions})
AND ({not_like_conditions})
AND DATE(create_date) = DATE(NOW())
"""
return sql
def mail_sender(content):
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.header import Header
# 第三方 SMTP 服务
mail_host = "smtp.163.com" # 设置服务器
mail_user = "18631839859@163.com" # 用户名
mail_pass = "GENGs7dM45TJDH6y" # 口令
sender = '18631839859@163.com'
receivers = ['wonder1999@126.com'] # 接收邮件，可设置为你的QQ邮箱或者其他邮箱
# message = MIMEText(content, 'plain', 'utf-8')
message = MIMEText(content, 'html', 'utf-8')
message['From'] = Header("科技型中小企业通知", 'utf-8')
message['To'] = Header("科技型中小企业", 'utf-8')
subject = '科技型中小企业通知'
message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
try:
smtpObj = smtplib.SMTP()
smtpObj.connect(mail_host, 25) # 25 为 SMTP 端口号
smtpObj.login(mail_user, mail_pass)
smtpObj.sendmail(sender, receivers, message.as_string())
print("邮件发送成功")
except smtplib.SMTPException:
print("Error: 无法发送邮件")
def wx_web_hook(data):
"""
通过企业微信Webhook发送Markdown格式的消息
:param data: 包含通知数据的字典，结构应包含'total'和'list'键
:return: None
"""
# Webhook地址（请替换为你的实际Key）
webhook_url = "https://qyapi.weixin.qq.com/cgi-bin/webhook/send?key=ef84945d-2247-4f09-ac0b-be7a6607c24e"
# 构造Markdown内容
content = f"**找到 {data['total']} 条疑似符合条件的记录：**\n"
for row in data['list']:
content += (
f"- [{row['title']}]({row['url']}) "
f"<font color=\"comment\">{row['date']}</font> "
f"<font color=\"warning\">{row['type_name']}</font>\n"
)
# 构建请求体
payload = {
"msgtype": "markdown",
"markdown": {
"content": content
}
}
# 发送请求并处理响应
try:
response = requests.post(webhook_url, json=payload)
response.raise_for_status() # 抛出HTTP错误
result = response.json()
if result.get("errcode") == 0:
print("✅ 消息发送成功")
else:
print(f"❌ 消息发送失败: {result.get('errmsg')}")
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f"⚠️ 请求异常: {e}")
if __name__ == '__main__':
get_industry(1, 2)
get_sci_kjt(1, 1)
get_sci_sdszf(1, 3)
data = query_today_kc_enterprises()
title = f"找到 {data['total']} 条疑似符合条件的记录："
for row in data['list']:
print(row)
if data['total'] > 0:
wx_web_hook(data)
# mail_sender('测试消息')工信厅爬虫import re
import time
import pymysql
import requests
# 数据库链接
def connect_to_database():
connection = pymysql.connect(
host='127.0.0.1',
user='root',
password='123456',
database='my_database_test',
charset='utf8mb4',
cursorclass=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor
)
return connection
def find_new_date():
connection = connect_to_database()
try:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
sql = "SELECT date FROM `sci_spider` WHERE type = '2' ORDER BY DATE(date) DESC LIMIT 0,1"
cursor.execute(sql)
results = cursor.fetchall()
return results[0]['date']
except Exception as e:
return ''
connection.close()
finally:
connection.close()
def get_industry(page_num, type):
url = (f'http://gxt.shandong.gov.cn/col/col15201/index.html?uid=586830&pageNum={page_num}')
user_Agent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
headers = {
"Referer": None,
"User-Agent": user_Agent
}
while True:
try:
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
response = response.text
break
except:
print("请求失败，尝试睡眠一会(半小时)")
sleep_time = 60 * 30
time.sleep(sleep_time)
print("睡眠结束，继续运行...")
continue
da = re.findall(r'<div class="bottom"> <span> (.*?) </span>', response)
in_url = re.findall(r'target="_blank" href="(.*?)">', response)
content = re.findall(r'<a title="(.*?)" target="_blank"', response)
for i in range(0, len(da)):
print(str(i+1) + ' : ' + da[i][0:10] + ' : '+content[i]+ ' : ' + in_url[i])
if len(da)*2 != len(in_url) or len(da)*2 != len(content):
print("数据不完整，跳过插入")
return
new_date = find_new_date()
if not new_date or new_date == '':
new_date = '1970-01-01' # 默认最小日期
connection = connect_to_database()
try:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
sql = """
INSERT INTO `my_database_test`.`sci_spider`
(`title`, `url`, `date`, `type`, `create_date`)
VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, NOW())
"""
count = 0
for i in range(len(da)):
if da[i][0:10] > new_date:
count = count + 1
cursor.execute(sql, (content[i], in_url[i], da[i][0:10], type))
connection.commit()
print(f"已成功插入 {count} 条数据")
except Exception as e:
print(f"插入数据失败: {e}")
connection.rollback()
finally:
connection.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
get_industry(1, 2)科技厅爬虫import re
import time
import pymysql
import requests
def connect_to_database():
connection = pymysql.connect(
host='127.0.0.1',
user='root',
password='123456',
database='my_database_test',
charset='utf8mb4',
cursorclass=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor
)
return connection
def find_new_date():
connection = connect_to_database()
try:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
sql = "SELECT date FROM `sci_spider` WHERE type = '1' ORDER BY DATE(date) DESC LIMIT 0,1"
cursor.execute(sql)
results = cursor.fetchall()
return results[0]['date']
except Exception as e:
return ''
connection.close()
finally:
connection.close()
def get_sci_kjt(page_num, type):
url = (f'http://kjt.shandong.gov.cn/col/col13360/index.html?uid=85651&pageNum={page_num}')
user_Agent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
headers = {
"Referer": None,
"User-Agent": user_Agent
}
while True:
try:
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
response = response.text
break
except:
print("请求失败，尝试睡眠一会(半小时)")
sleep_time = 60 * 30
time.sleep(sleep_time)
print("睡眠结束，继续运行...")
continue
da = re.findall(r'<span class="pull-right">(.*?)</span>', response)
sci_url = re.findall(r'href="(.*?)" class="ellipsis-line-clamp">', response)
content = re.findall(r'<s></s>(.*?)</a></li>', response)
for i in range(0, len(da)):
print(str(i+1) + ' : ' + da[i][0:10] + ' : '+content[i]+ ' : ' + sci_url[i])
if len(da) != len(sci_url) or len(da) != len(content):
print("数据不完整，跳过插入")
return
new_date = find_new_date()
if not new_date or new_date == '':
new_date = '1970-01-01' # 默认最小日期
connection = connect_to_database()
try:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
sql = """
INSERT INTO `my_database_test`.`sci_spider`
(`title`, `url`, `date`, `type`, `create_date`)
VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, NOW())
"""
count = 0
for i in range(len(da)):
if da[i] > new_date:
count = count + 1
cursor.execute(sql, (content[i], sci_url[i], da[i], type))
connection.commit()
print(f"已成功插入 {count} 条数据")
except Exception as e:
print(f"插入数据失败: {e}")
connection.rollback()
finally:
connection.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
get_sci_kjt(1, 1)山东省人民政府爬虫import re
import time
import pymysql
import requests
def connect_to_database():
connection = pymysql.connect(
host='127.0.0.1',
user='root',
password='123456',
database='my_database_test',
charset='utf8mb4',
cursorclass=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor
)
return connection
def find_new_date():
connection = connect_to_database()
try:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
sql = "SELECT date FROM `sci_spider` WHERE type = '3' ORDER BY DATE(date) DESC LIMIT 0,1"
cursor.execute(sql)
results = cursor.fetchall()
return results[0]['date']
except Exception as e:
return ''
connection.close()
finally:
connection.close()
def get_sci_sdszf(page_num, type):
url = (f'http://www.shandong.gov.cn/col/col94237/index.html?uid=633233&pageNum={page_num}')
user_Agent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/105.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
headers = {
"Referer": None,
"User-Agent": user_Agent
}
while True:
try:
response = requests.get(url=url, headers=headers)
response.encoding = 'utf-8'
response = response.text
break
except:
print("请求失败，尝试睡眠一会(半小时)")
sleep_time = 60 * 30
time.sleep(sleep_time)
print("睡眠结束，继续运行...")
continue
# 提取日期
da = re.findall(r'<span>\s*(\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})\s*</span>', response)
# 提取链接
sci_url = re.findall(r'href="(.*?)"\s+target="_blank"\s+title="', response)
# 提取标题（title 属性）
content = re.findall(r'\s+target="_blank"\s+title="(.*?)"', response)
# return
print(len(da), len(sci_url), len(content))
for i in range(0, len(da)):
print(str(i+1) + ' : ' + da[i][0:10] + ' : '+content[i]+ ' : ' + sci_url[i])
if len(da) != len(sci_url) or len(da) != len(content):
print("数据不完整，跳过插入")
return
new_date = find_new_date()
if not new_date or new_date == '':
new_date = '1970-01-01' # 默认最小日期
connection = connect_to_database()
try:
with connection.cursor() as cursor:
sql = """
INSERT INTO `my_database_test`.`sci_spider`
(`title`, `url`, `date`, `type`, `create_date`)
VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, NOW())
"""
count = 0
for i in range(len(da)):
if da[i] > new_date:
count = count + 1
cursor.execute(sql, (content[i], sci_url[i], da[i], type))
connection.commit()
print(f"已成功插入 {count} 条数据")
except Exception as e:
print(f"插入数据失败: {e}")
connection.rollback()
finally:
connection.close()
if __name__ == '__main__':
get_sci_sdszf(1, 3)
-
python编写接口服务
https://blog.iletter.top/index.php/archives/359.html
2025-04-18T14:24:00+08:00
使用Python实现一个简单的接口服务，可以通过get、post方法请求该接口，拿到响应数据。创建一个api\_server.py文件，添加代码如下：import flask
from flask import request, jsonify
from rescode.constants import ResponseCode
from spider.qiXinSpider import getQiXinCompInfo
'''
flask： web框架，通过flask提供的装饰器@server.route()将普通函数转换为服务
登录接口，需要传url、username、passwd
'''
# 创建一个服务，把当前这个python文件当做一个服务
server = flask.Flask(__name__)
# server.config['JSON_AS_ASCII'] = False
# @server.route()可以将普通函数转变为服务 登录接口的路径、请求方式
@server.route('/python-api/getCompTageFromQiXin', methods=['get', 'post'])
def getCompTageFromQiXin():
try:
# 获取通过url请求传参的数据
httpUrl = request.values.get('httpUrl')
if not httpUrl:
return jsonify(ResponseCode.PARAM_REQUIRED), 400
if 'www.sdxyjq.com:8080' in httpUrl:
httpUrl = httpUrl.replace('www.sdxyjq.com:8080', 'www.sdxyjq.com')
# 调用qiXinSpider.py里面的函数，需要传入
# chrome的路径 D:\\APP\\TestChrome2\\Application\\chrome.exe
# 信用金桥的http链接的url地址
comp_info = getQiXinCompInfo(httpUrl,'D:\\APP\\TestChrome2\\Application\\chrome.exe')
data = {
"httpUrl" : httpUrl,
"qiXinSpider" : comp_info,
"compName":comp_info['baseInfo']['ename']
}
return jsonify({**ResponseCode.SUCCESS, "data": data}), 200
except Exception as e:
# 统一异常捕获
return jsonify(ResponseCode.INTERNAL_ERROR), 500
@server.errorhandler(404)
def not_found(error):
return jsonify({ "code": 404, "message": "接口不存在" }), 404
@server.errorhandler(500)
def internal_error(error):
return jsonify(ResponseCode.INTERNAL_ERROR), 500
if __name__ == '__main__':
server.run(debug=True, port=8888, host='0.0.0.0')爬虫脚本# -*- encoding:utf-8 -*-
import time
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from seleniumwire import webdriver as wiredriver
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import requests
import gzip
import io
import json
# 初始化selenium
def initialize_driver(chromePath: str):
# 配置 Chrome 浏览器选项
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu') # 禁用 GPU 加速，确保拦截请求正常
chrome_options.add_argument('--headless') # 不打开浏览器
chrome_options.add_argument('--ignore-certificate-errors') # 忽略证书错误
# 添加指定的浏览器路径
chrome_path = chromePath
chrome_options.binary_location = chrome_path
# 初始化 WebDriver，并传入配置
driver = wiredriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
return driver
# 获取启信宝的地址
def get_qixin_url(url):
if 'www.sdxyjq.com:8080' in url:
url = url.replace('www.sdxyjq.com:8080', 'www.sdxyjq.com')
headers = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/113.0.0.0 Safari/537.36"
}
response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
html_content = response.text
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_content, 'html.parser')
iframe = soup.find('iframe')
qiXinUrl = ''
if iframe:
src = iframe.get('src')
qiXinUrl = src
return qiXinUrl
# 格式化请求体
def parse_response_body(response_body_binary):
try:
# 检查数据是否以 gzip 开头
is_gzip = response_body_binary.startswith(b'\\x1f\\x8b')
if is_gzip:
with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=io.BytesIO(response_body_binary), mode='rb') as f:
return json.loads(f.read().decode('utf-8'))
else:
# print('直接解码为 JSON')
return json.loads(response_body_binary.decode('utf-8'))
except Exception as e:
print(f"格式化请求体失败: {e}")
return None
def extract_response_body(requests, keyword):
for request in requests:
if keyword in request.url:
return request.response.body
return None
def getQiXinCompInfo(url:str,chromePath:str):
try:
# 初始化浏览器
driver = initialize_driver(chromePath)
# 访问启信宝的网页
driver.get(get_qixin_url(url))
time.sleep(3)
# 使用 WebDriverWait 等待页面加载完成之后继续操作，等待时间根据网络情况进行调整
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 30)# 超时时间30s
# 等待页面的 document.readyState 变为 "complete"
wait.until(lambda driver: driver.execute_script("return document.readyState") == "complete")
# 获取所有拦截的请求
requests = driver.requests
# 获取企业的标签信息 getEntLabel
res_getEntLabel = extract_response_body(requests, 'getEntLabel')
if res_getEntLabel is not None:
res_getEntLabel = parse_response_body(res_getEntLabel)
else:
res_getEntLabel =''
# 获取企业地址信息 getGeocode
res_getGeocode = extract_response_body(requests, 'getGeocode')
if res_getGeocode is not None:
res_getGeocode = parse_response_body(res_getGeocode)
else:
res_getGeocode = ''
# 获取企业的工商信息 getEntBasicInfoNew
res_getEntBasicInfoNew = extract_response_body(requests,'getEntBasicInfoNew')
if res_getEntBasicInfoNew is not None:
res_getEntBasicInfoNew = parse_response_body(res_getEntBasicInfoNew)
else:
res_getEntBasicInfoNew = ''
return {
'baseInfo': res_getEntBasicInfoNew,
'tagInfo': res_getEntLabel,
'addressInfo': res_getGeocode,
}
finally:
# 关闭浏览器
driver.quit()Flask 是什么？Flask 是一个用 Python 编写的轻量级 Web 框架 ，它为构建 Web 应用程序和 RESTful API 提供了灵活的基础。Flask 的设计哲学是“简洁和可扩展”，它没有捆绑任何数据库或 ORM（对象关系映射）工具，开发者可以根据需求自由选择技术栈。Flask 的核心特点轻量级与灵活性 ：没有强制性的数据库或 ORM，开发者可以自由选择技术（如 SQLite、MySQL、MongoDB 等）。不依赖模板引擎，默认提供简单模板，也可以替换为其他引擎（如 Jinja2）。路由系统 ：通过装饰器（Decorator）将 URL 路径映射到 Python 函数扩展性 ：通过第三方扩展（Extensions）增强功能，例如：Flask-SQLAlchemy ：数据库操作。Flask-RESTful ：快速构建 RESTful API。Flask-Login ：用户认证。Flask-JWT ：基于 JWT 的身份验证。开发友好 ：内置调试模式（Debug Mode），实时反映代码修改。支持单元测试和集成测试。社区支持 ：拥有活跃的开源社区和丰富的文档，适合快速开发和学习。Flask 的典型应用场景小型 Web 应用 ：适合快速开发个人博客、仪表盘、内部工具等。RESTful API 开发 ：构建数据接口（如 JSON API），常用于前后端分离项目。微服务架构 ：由于轻量级特性，适合构建独立的微服务模块。学习 Web 开发 ：简单的 API 和路由设计使其成为学习 Web 开发的理想工具。Flask 与 Django 的对比特性FLASKDJANGO设计理念轻量级、灵活，最小功能集重量级、全功能， batteries-included默认组件无 ORM、模板引擎（可选）内置 ORM（Django ORM）、模板引擎学习曲线低（简单直接）高（功能丰富但复杂）适用场景小型项目、API、需要高度控制的场景企业级大型项目、快速全栈开发